During 2016 fiscal year, Idaho collected nearly $40 million dollars in hunting and fishing license sales. It inspired Idaho Power to dedicate portions of its land to protect mule deer and the corridor as part of a wildlife management area. What if the researchers could instead track predictors within the ecosystems themselves? As with most LE hunts, draw odds for Idaho mule deer tend to be tough, but in this case, worth the wait. Deer populations trended up for four years into 2016 given relatively mild winters. Could distant satellites help them estimate the survival of thousands of tiny fawns? “Mule deer are an indicator of healthy, functioning wild ecosystems,” said Mark Hebblewhite, a wildlife biologist at the University of Montana.

During harsh winters, deer resort to nipping lichen from rock faces or chewing bark off trees. A difficult winter for mule deer fawns took its toll on herds for the second time in three years, which will affect the numbers and age classes of bucks. (Courtesy Idaho Department of Fish and Game)Named for their large, mule-like ears, mule deer inhabit unforgiving environments, ranging from the high deserts of Mexico to rugged alpine peaks in the Yukon. “It was our search for the best predictors,” Hurley said. In press. Boulder, CO, USA. For the 2017 to 2018 hunting season, game managers reduced the number of mule deer doe licenses in southern and central Idaho game units to help the herds rebound. The resulting application, which the team named PopR, allows game managers to project future mule deer populations. Whether it was dropped naturally or was knocked off while fighting during the rut is unknown.There are large populations of mule deer in five DAU’s in the region that are critical for the survival of deer. The Idaho Department of Fish and Game used PopR for the first time in 2016 to track mule deer populations and set hunt quotas. North of the Salmon River, white-tailed deer are the dominant deer species, but mule deer populations are scattered throughout northern Idaho where there is suitable habitat. Hebblewhite said, “We achieved buy-in through face-to-face workshops and training sessions and lots of one-on-one meetings.” Creating a portable tool that displays population projections in real time also made it much easier for game managers to explain their decision-making process to the public. Biologists in Idaho have been radio collaring and monitoring mule deer for nearly twenty years, and the resulting data suggested fawn survival was key to maintaining mule deer populations. Hurley and Hebblewhite worked with colleagues Paul Lukacs and Josh Nowak at the University of Montana in Missoula to develop an application to automate and run the models. Although fawns are weaned by fall, they remain with their mother throughout the winter, learning to find food. “We started looking for ways of measuring habitat- and weather-derived influences on mule deer in different parts of Idaho,” Hebblewhite said, hoping to glean environmental predictors from satellite data. Otherwise, adult deer survive the winter by living off their accumulated fat reserves. NSIDC: National Snow and Ice Data Center. 2017. Overall, Idaho mule deer and elk fared well this past winter. “It’s our charge to understand population dynamics. Normalized Difference Vegetation Index and snow data are from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) sensor aboard the NASA Terra satellite. GIS helped us communicate our findings so beautifully that we printed the maps in poster size. Snow Data Assimilation System (SNODAS) Data Products at NSIDC, Version 1. How did Hell's Canyon get its name? In Idaho, even during the best of years, mule deer race against time to fatten up for winter. Only 30 percent of Idaho’s mule deer fawns survived, about half the usual number. last 10 years, the statewide mule deer population estimate has ranged from 250,000 to 325,000. Boise sits just below important winter range utilized by the largest mule deer herd in the state. If the weather warms enough to melt the top layer of snow and then freezes, causing a hard crust to form, the deer cannot dig through it to get to their food.“Winter is harder on fawns than it is on adults. 2) Mule deer GPS locations have been ‘normalized’ using a higher schedule frequency to better leverage the location data (i.e. Could distant satellites help them estimate the survival of thousands of tiny fawns? Predicting mule deer (Hurley, M. A., M. Hebblewhite, P. M. Lukacs, J. J. Nowak, J.-M. Gaillard, and C. Bonenfant. During winter, herds spend several months along the three-reservoir complex. Only 30 percent of Idaho’s mule deer fawns survived, about half the usual number. The three-dam Hell's Canyon Complex produces, on average, six million megawatt-hours of electricity each year—enough to supply approximately 460,000 households with power. The sight of mule deer feeding along placid reservoirs creates a pastoral serenity that belies the name of the scenic paradise—Hell's Canyon.

NASA National Snow and Ice Data Center Distributed Active Archive Center. Prior to the 2016 to 2017 winter, Idaho’s mule deer populations were on the rise, which helped cushion that winter’s fawn deaths. PopR is designed to be portable and flexible, and is also being used by South Dakota and Montana to manage game.


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