In thermodynamics, the term saturation defines a condition in which a mixture of vapor and liquid can exist together at a given temperature and pressure. The first evidence of helium was observed on August 18, 1868, as a bright yellow line with a This enabled the United States to become the world's leading supplier of helium. Helium-4, by contrast, makes up about 23% of the universe's ordinary matter—nearly all the ordinary matter that is not hydrogen. The first media-recorded case was that of a 15-year-old girl from Texas who died in 1998 from helium inhalation at a friend's party; the exact type of helium death is unidentified.In the United States only two fatalities were reported between 2000 and 2004, including a man who died in North Carolina of barotrauma in 2002.On February 4, 2015 it was revealed that, during the recording of their main TV show on January 28, a 12-year-old member (name withheld) of Japanese all-girl singing group The safety issues for cryogenic helium are similar to those of This article is about the chemical element. While helium has documented permeation constants (thus a calculable permeation rate) through glasses, ceramics, and synthetic materials, inert gases such as helium will not permeate most bulk metals.Helium, mixed with a heavier gas such as xenon, is useful for The use of helium reduces the distorting effects of temperature variations in the space between Helium was approved for medical use in the United States in April 2020 for humans and animals.While chemically inert, helium contamination will impair the operation of Neutral helium at standard conditions is non-toxic, plays no biological role and is found in trace amounts in human blood. See the table below for the values of these physical quantities.

Helium has the lowest melting point of any element and is widely used in cryogenic research because its boiling point is close to absolute zero. Helium is the second least reactive noble gas after Unlike any other element, helium will remain liquid down to Helium II is a superfluid, a quantum mechanical state (see: The thermal conductivity of helium II is greater than that of any other known substance, a million times that of helium I and several hundred times that of Helium II also exhibits a creeping effect. Helium – Boiling Point. "Uranium and Helium in the Panhandle Gas Field Texas, and Adjacent Areas", Geological Survey Professional Paper 454-G, Washington:US Government Printing Office

See: This makes the small-scale use of the Important early work on the characteristics of liquid helium was done by the Soviet physicist Liquid helium (in a vacuum bottle) at 4.2 K and 1 atm, boiling slowly.

These Because of the very weak interatomic forces in helium, the element remains a liquid at atmospheric pressure all the way from its Liquid helium-4 and the rare helium-3 are not completely At extremely low temperatures, the superfluid phase, rich in helium-4, can contain up to 6% of helium-3 in solution. Most of it has been present since Earth's formation, though some falls to Earth trapped in Liquid helium-4 can be cooled to about 1 kelvin using Theoretically, other true compounds may be possible, such as helium fluorohydride (HHeF) which would be analogous to Helium atoms have been inserted into the hollow carbon cage molecules (the Under high pressures helium can form compounds with various other elements. At standard pressure, the chemical element helium exists in a liquid form only at the extremely low temperature of −269 °C (about 4 K or −452.2 °F). All elements other than hydrogen and helium today account for only 2% of the mass of atomic matter in the universe. Pierce, A. P., Gott, G. B., and Mytton, J. W. (1964). For other uses, see The related stability of the helium-4 nucleus and electron shellThe related stability of the helium-4 nucleus and electron shellSome authors dispute the placement of helium in the noble gas column, preferring to place it above Shuen-Chen Hwang, Robert D. Lein, Daniel A. Morgan (2005). Helium (from Greek: ἥλιος, romanized: Helios, lit. In a similar way, the particular energetic stability of the helium-4 nucleus, produced by similar effects, accounts for the ease of helium-4 production in atomic reactions that involve either heavy-particle emission or fusion. Similarly, only 1% of the world's helium demands could be satisfied by re-tooling all air distillation plants.Helium is commercially available in either liquid or gaseous form.

As a liquid, it can be supplied in small insulated containers called According to helium conservationists like Nobel laureate physicist Estimated 2014 U.S. fractional helium use by category.

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